U.S. #1239
5¢ International Red Cross Centennial
Issue Date: October 29, 1963
City: Washington, D.C.
Quantity: 118,665,000
Printed by: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Printing Method: Giori Press
Perforations: 11
Color: Bluish black and red
U.S. #1239 honors the 100th anniversary of the International Red Cross and its contribution to the Cuban prisoner exchange. The stamp is based on a photograph of the freighter S.S. Morning Light, which was one of the mercy ships that returned refugees from Cuba at Port Everglades, Florida, on May 24, 1963.
The International Red Cross
The idea for the Red Cross goes as far back as 1859. While touring Italy during the Austro-Sardinian War, Jean Henri Dunant witnessed the suffering of soldiers wounded on the battlefield. Dunant proposed that all civilized countries establish “...permanent societies of volunteers who in time of war would give help to the wounded without regard to their nationality.” The idea caught on. On October 26, 1863, delegates from 16 nations met in Geneva, Switzerland, to begin laying the groundwork for such an organization.
Today, the International Red Cross is an organization of over 135 nations. These nations provide various forms of assistance to victims of wars and other disasters. Most also provide various medical and health programs as well as youth activities and junior divisions.
There are approximately 2,500 Red Cross chapters in the United States alone. 1,600 of these chapters consist entirely of volunteers. Many chapters have just one paid worker. Each individual chapter is controlled by one of three area offices. In turn, a 50-member board of governors, based in Washington, DC, supervises these area offices.
Birth Of Charles R. Drew
Doctor and medical researcher Charles R. Drew was born on June 3, 1904, in Washington, DC.
Drew grew up in DC’s Foggy Bottom neighborhood and graduated from Dunbar High School in 1922. He was an accomplished athlete, earning an athletic scholarship to Amherst College in Massachusetts. After graduating in 1926, he worked as a professor of chemistry and biology for two years at Morgan College in Baltimore. He also served as their first Athletic Director and football coach, saving up money to go to medical school.
Drew went on to attend McGill University in Montreal, where he was accepted into a prestigious scholastic honor society. He graduated second his class in 1933, receiving the Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery degree. In 1940, he became the first African American to earn a Doctor of Science in Medicine degree, which he received from Columbia. Drew then became the first African American surgeon to serve as an examiner on the American Board of Surgery. During this time, he also began a lengthy career in research, teaching, and became a chief surgeon.
In late 1940, Drew was selected to set up Blood for Britain, an experimental program for blood storage and preservation. Drew was tasked with collecting, testing, and transporting large amounts of blood plasma to be sent to the United Kingdom, which was then engulfed in World War II. The goal of the program was to help British soldiers by sending American blood to the United Kingdom.
Drew created bloodmobiles, which were refrigerated trucks that carried stored blood, allowing the blood to be transported farther. Under Drew’s leadership, the program ran for five months, collecting over 5,500 vials of blood plasma from about 15,000 people.
In 1941, Drew helped to establish the American Red Cross Blood Bank to provide blood for American soldiers. However, he grew increasingly upset with the military’s request to segregate the blood of African Americans. While they at first wouldn’t accept African American blood, they later said it could only be used for African American soldiers. Drew was furious over the racist policy and resigned after a few months. It wasn’t until 1950 that the Red Cross would end this policy.
Drew went on to receive the 1943 Spingarn Medal from the NAACP for “the highest and noblest achievement… during the preceding year or years” for his work on blood plasma collection and distribution. Drew spent the final years of his life serving as chief surgeon at Freedmen’s Hospital and as a professor at Howard University.
From 1939 to 1950, Drew attended the annual free clinic at the John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama. Driving home one morning in 1950, he was tired from operating all night and lost control of his vehicle. The car crashed and his foot was pinned under the brake pedal. By the time emergency personnel arrived, he had gone into shock and died shortly after on April 1, 1950.
In the years since his death, many schools and health facilities have been named in Drew’s honor. There’s also a bridge in Washington, DC and a US Navy cargo ship named after him.