U.S. #3188g
37¢ Viet Nam War
Celebrate the Century – 1960s
Issue Date: September 17, 1999
City: Green Bay, WI
Quantity: 8,000,000
Printing Method: Lithographed, engraved
Perforations: 11.5
The Vietnam Independence League, called the Viet Minh, was started in 1921 as a party seeking freedom from France. Led by Ho Chi Minh, the Communist Viet Minh defeated the French in 1954, and settled north of the 17th parallel. The French and the Vietnamese who fought with the French went south of the 17th parallel. Ngo Dinh Diem became leader of the south in 1954.
Fearing the spread of Communism through Asia, the United States provided assistance to the authoritarian Diem regime. Diem’s policies were unpopular with the South Vietnamese people, and guerrilla warfare ravaged the south. In 1964, amid intense American sentiment against an undeclared war, Congress passed, almost unanimously, the Tonkin Gulf Resolution. It allowed President Johnson to take action to prevent further aggression. After 1965, the war escalated rapidly.
Despite advanced U.S. weapons and equipment, the enemy couldn’t be dislodged. Peace talks took place amid scattered fighting in 1968. A cease-fire agreement was reached in 1973, but the war continued and casualties remained high. One by one, South Vietnamese outposts were deserted, refugees fled, and the remaining Americans escaped. In 1976, the country was reunified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Dedication Of Vietnam Veterans Memorial
On November 13, 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was officially dedicated in Washington, DC.
In the 1950s, Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel, into communist North and anti-communist South Vietnam. Following the assassination of the president of South Vietnam, a period of political instability began, while military generals fought for control of the government.
The number of American advisors in Vietnam grew, and by the end of 1963, there were 16,000 US military personnel in Vietnam. That number increased significantly after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President Johnson the power to increase the country’s involvement in Vietnam without declaring war.
By the end of 1966, there were 400,000 Americans fighting in Vietnam. Peace talks began in 1968, but were repeatedly stalled. After Richard Nixon took office as US president in 1969, he began Vietnamization, to remove American troops and leave the fighting to the South Vietnamese. The last Americans left Vietnam in 1973, and the war continued until the fall of Saigon two years later. Vietnam was reunited as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976.
Three years later, back in America, Vietnam veterans grew frustrated with the “invisibility” imposed on them by Americans, due to public discontent with the war. In 1979, they formed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) to publicly acknowledge those who died or are listed as missing in action in the Vietnam War. Over time they raised $8.4 million for the memorial. In 1980, they selected a site near the Lincoln Memorial and received permission from Congress to demolish an old World War I Munitions Building.
The design of the memorial was open to competition. Some 1,421 designs were submitted and then reviewed by a selection committee. Yale undergraduate Maya Lin won the competition. The Ohio-born student’s design featured an over 493-footlong V-shaped reflective black granite wall. Its two ends point to the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument. At first, many opposed the design because it was unconventional, black, and lacked ornamentation, calling it a “black gash of shame.” Eventually, they reached a compromise, agreeing to add a bronze statue of American soldiers on one side.
Construction on the memorial began on March 26, 1982. The stone for the memorial came from India and was specifically selected for its highly reflective surface. The stone cutting was done in Vermont and the 57,939 names were etched in Tennessee. They used a sandblasting process to etch the names on the stone.
Construction on the wall was completed in late October and preparations immediately began for a dedication ceremony. The dedication of the wall was preceded by a week-long salute to Vietnam veterans. Then on November 13, 1982, thousands of Vietnam veterans took part in a march through Washington to attend the dedication ceremony.
At the wall, a sound system played the dramatic theme from Chariots of Fire. The ceremony, attended by some 150,000 people, was broadcast live over the radio. There was a presentation of the state and territorial flags and a series of speeches. One veteran declared, “I, like many others, found that being known as a Vietnam veteran was a very dubious distinction. But today this situation has changed.” Another speaker proclaimed, “This Memorial symbolizes not only the supreme gift of nearly 58,000 young Americans but also the priceless gift of renewed awareness in our capacity as a people.”
Two years after this ceremony, the sculpture, The Three Soldiers or The Three Servicemen, was unveiled at the memorial. It depicts a Marine and two Army soldiers of different races. In 1993, another statue was added – the Vietnam Women’s Memorial. It depicts uniformed women, who mostly served as nurses, aiding a wounded soldier. Finally, in 2004, a memorial plaque was added “In memory of the men and women who served in the Vietnam War and later died as a result of their service. We honor and remember their sacrifice.”
Presently, the names of 58,307 men and women listed as missing or killed in the Vietnam War are etched into the wall. The memorial, maintained by the National Park Service, hosts over 3 million visitors each year and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Click here to see video from the dedication ceremony and here to view the wall or search its database of names.