U.S. #1 and #2

1847 Benjamin Franklin and George Washington

• America’s First Postage Stamps
• #1 vignette features the portrait of Benjamin Franklin, “Father of America’s Postal Service” and first Postmaster General of the United States
• #2 vignette features the portrait George Washington, first U.S. president and “Father of His Country...  more

U.S. #1 and #2

1847 Benjamin Franklin and George Washington

• America’s First Postage Stamps
• #1 vignette features the portrait of Benjamin Franklin, “Father of America’s Postal Service” and first Postmaster General of the United States
• #2 vignette features the portrait George Washington, first U.S. president and “Father of His Country”
• In demand around the world and increasingly scarce today in any condition

Stamp Category:  Definitive
Set: 1847 Issue
Value:  5c – the half-ounce letter rate up to 300 miles
           10c – the half ounce letter rate over 300 miles, also letters of one ounce or more. 
First Day of Issue:  July 1, 1847
First Day City:  New York City
Quantity Issued:  #1 – 3,600,000 (Estimated); #2 – 863,000
Printed by:  Rawdon, Wright, Hatch & Edson
Printing Method:  Flat plate printing
Format:  Sheet of 200 subjects in 2 panes of 100 each
Perforations:  Imperforate
Color: 

5¢ – red brown on thin, bluish wove paper.  The printing of U.S. #1 produced minor color varieties, #1a dark brown, #1b (orange brown), #1c (red orange) and #1d (brown orange.)  Several other shades have been noted, but only these are listed in Scott’s Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps as minor varieties of U.S. #1. 

10¢ – black on thin, bluish wove paper. 

Note:  Printers Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, & Edson originally suggested printing the stamp in two colors. 

Why the stamp was issued: 

#1 – To show prepayment of the uniform domestic postage fee of 5 cents for letters weighing up to ½-ounce and sent up to 300 miles.  

#2 – to show pre-payment of the uniform domestic rate for letters of one ounce or more; also, for those weighing up to ½ ounce and being sent over 300 miles. 

There are a number of reasons why modernization of America’s postal service was urgently needed.  A few of these include the steady flow of immigrants from Europe, the on-going settlement of the West, the Mexican-American War, industrial growth, and conflicts between the states on the issue of slavery.  All called for more a rapid and dependable flow of communication. 

About the stamp design: 

The printing dies for U.S. #1 and #2 were already in the stocks of the printers, who had previously used them to produce private banknotes.  
The portrait of Benjamin Franklin was based on a painting by James B. Longacre.  Longacre (1794-1869) was not only a portraitist, but also an engraver, becoming the fourth Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint.  Both Franklin’s and Washington’s engraving was done by Asher B. Durand, a well-known American landscape painter.  Washington’s engraving was based on an unfinished portrait of him by Gilbert Stuart. 
Durand was one of the founders of the Hudson River school and also founded the National Academy of Design. 

Special design details:  The initials of the printers – RWH&E – appear at the bottom of each stamp, centered inside the frame line. 
About the printing process:  U.S. #1 and #2 were printed by hand, which consisted of line engraving the design onto the steel plate of a flat bed press.  The plate was inked and heated.  A sheet of damp paper was laid on the plate.  A heavy wooden or metal piece on the press, called a platen, was rolled over the plate, transferring the ink to the paper.  Each sheet was put aside to dry.  All the work was done manually, making for a slow process and only a few thousand stamps printed each day.  The early flat bed (or flat plate) press was called a “Spider” press. 
The weak impression found on many U.S. #1 stamps is due to a number of small particles of quartz mixed with the ink.  These particles wore the steel plates down, causing the impression to be less sharp.  The U.S. #2 ink did not have this issue and impressions look much clearer. 

First Day City:  U.S. #1 and #2 were issued in New York City.  The stamps were sold in Boston on July 2nd and Philadelphia on July 7th.  First documented use of U.S. #1 was July 7, 1847, six days after its issue date.  U.S. #2 first documented use is July 2nd. 

Margins:  The first U.S. postage stamps were issued in large sheets without perforations.  Postal clerks simply cut the stamps from the sheet by hand.  This accounts for the large variation in margins seen on U.S. #1 and #2.  Well-centered stamps with large margins are sold at a higher price due to their scarcity. 
Prior to the issue of U.S. #1 and #2, a few postage stamps were issued privately by various postmasters.  These were called “Postmaster Provisionals”.  Once the first two federal postage stamps were issued, Postmaster Provisionals were no longer valid.
If a letter was sent without stamps, marked with the amount to be paid upon receipt or “postage due”, it’s called a stampless cover. 
Before the introduction of envelopes, postal customers would either fold a piece of paper around their letters in the shape of an envelope, or fold the letter itself and apply an adhesive or wax seal.  Envelopes are referred to as covers.  Both U.S. #1and #2 “on cover” are very scarce and worth a lot of money. 
About the 1847 Imperforates – U.S. #1 and #2:  It may seem surprising George Washington doesn’t appear on our first postage stamp.  However, Franklin was highly esteemed for his service in establishing America’s postal system.  After serving as postmaster of Philadelphia, he was co-postmaster general for the colonies under British rule.  Finally, Franklin was appointed America’s first postmaster general by the 2nd Continental Congress.  In addition to his accomplishments in the postal area, he was the central unifying figure for the colonists during the Revolution.  That made Franklin a logical choice.  This brilliant scientist, diplomat, statesman, printer, inventor, and patriot earned his place in history, as well as on America’s first postage stamp. 
Andrew Jackson was the original choice for the subject of US#1. 
President George Washington’s portrait has appeared on over 300 U.S. stamps, more than any other president, and more than all other presidents combined.  

History the stamps represent:  America followed Great Britain by just a few years when it issued our first general issue pre-paid adhesive postage stamps.  These stamps changed our postal service forever – the newest step in making it easier and more efficient to send, receive and deliver the mail.  This in turn vastly improved communications across our rapidly expanding country.  It was expensive to print the stamps, but cheaper and more efficient to handle the mail. 
A stamp to show the pre-payment of postage did away with the need for postmasters to count the number of pages in a letter, and mark the fee on the envelope according to its weight and how far it would travel.  Now customers could buy stamps in advance without waiting in line, and drop their letters off in the post office box any time.  And the recipient was no longer required to pay the fee at his post office when he picked the letter up.  (It wasn’t until years later, in July 1863, that free city delivery to individual addresses became available.) 
Pre-paid postage stamps also enabled postal authorities to track sales and have more control over money taken in.  Prepayment with a general issue stamp did not become mandatory until January 1st, 1856.  Before this time, it was still legal for the addressee to pay the postage or for the sender and recipient to share the cost.